[What is Accounting] |
What is the relationship between cost accounting financial accounting and managerial accounting?
Financial accounting relates to the information presented based on past events and records.
Cost and managerial accounting is the presentation of financial information to the management to be used in decision making while in managerial accounting projections are made based on past trends.
Financial accounting relates to the information presented based on past events and records.
Cost and managerial accounting is the presentation of financial information to the management to be used in decision making while in managerial accounting projections are made based on past trends.
What is the difference between cost accounting management accounting and financial accounting?
For simplistic purposes, there is not much, if any, difference between "cost accounting" and "management accounting". These terms refer to the accounting techniques used internally by a company's management to determine the costs of running the business and help in decision making. For example, reports that compare budgeted to actual expenses are commonly used to monitor the successful management of a specific department or store within a larger enterprise.
Financial Accounting refers to accounting practices that result in financial statements used by various stakeholders of the business. Stakeholders may include management and employees, as well as vendors, suppliers, customers, bankers and regulators. The accounting practices used in compiling financial statements are referred to as "GAAP" or the generally accepted accounting principles as set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the U.S. In the U.S., external financial reports issued by public and/or regulated companies must comply with GAAP.
Some accounting methods used in cost accounting are not recognized by GAAP and therefore can only be used internally.
Where the financial accounting fails the cost accounting for is rescue but still there are some limitations deficiencies in the system?
Accounting has been a part of today's life in today's environment and it has to be given more progress because it is very important
What are the effects of international accounting standards on accounting practices of developing nations?
Adoption of international accounting standards is extremely costly. Developing counties usually use accounting standards that are most beneficial to them (based on who they trade with to ease accounting for transactions) or just another country's GAAP that works for the developing country. Ex. Mexico very closely resembles U.S. GAAP because of NAFTA and the quality of U.S. GAAP.
Should IFRS be implemented in developed counties, developing counties might be forced to adopt them as well in order to maintain trade relations. This could be extremely costly for smaller developing counties.
Does the accounting system appear to facilitate one specialty from financial, auditing, or cost managerial or tax accounting over the others?
The elegance of Accounting is that it is a purveyor of information, organized into systems, and exploited for a particular purpose. That is because Accounting is vague. Interestingly, information from accounting can be split into to methods: 1. Valuation 2. Evaluation
1. Valuation - This is the type of information that financial/Tax/Cost accounting attempts to tackle. What is that worth? How much of it came from this source of value? What will be the asset be worth in ten years? All of these questions are valuation methods and accounting provides an informational standpoint from which to analyze these questions and ascertain an answer to them.
2. Evaluation - This would be your classical managerial accounting. Did employee A provide hire effort? What should compensation look like? How are we performing? All are evaluation questions. Evaluation is especially important to Internal Audit and the control environment. You can easily image a professor conducting evaluation accounting to assign proper reward to students who exhibit learning through testing.
What is the difference of Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting?
Financial accounting encompasses all account presented on the face of the financial statement, its presentation, recognition, measurement and disclosures. Where as cost accounting is only focused on the cost of inventory.
What is the distinction between cost accounting and management accounting?
Cost accounting is concerned with cost accumulation for inventory valuation to meet the requirements of external reporting and internal profit measurement.
Management accounting relates to the provision of appropriate information for decision-making, planning, control and performance evaluation.
Management accounting relates to the provision of appropriate information for decision-making, planning, control and performance evaluation.
What is the difference between financial accounting and management accounting?
Very briefly, the difference has to do with the needs of the user.
Management accounting for is the internal users of an entity and Financial Accounting is for the external users.
Internal users (management) may be interested in the cost of making an item using process A versus process B. Whereas External users are mostly interested in the overall results of those management decisions.
What is the difference between the accrual accounting and cash accounting?
The Cash Basis of accounting reports only transactions that have been completed in the current reporting period - or - what has "hit" the checking account (assuming all funds are deposited and disbursed only from that account) - The Accrual Basis of accounting reports all transactions that the entity has entered into and includes the asset, liability, income and expense related them.
In addition, the Cash Basis of accounting is considered OCBOA (Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting ~ Other than GAAP) and the Accrual Basis (when implemented properly and fully) is considered GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).
GAAP and the accrual basis. For example, a set of financial statements printed out of QuickBooks are not necessarily GAAP compliant (or correct) although they may appear to be at first glance or to a layperson.
When a company's accounting year-ends on a day that is other than the end of the calendar year what is called in accounting?
Fiscal year
Is there a difference between accounting for conversion of bonds and accounting for the conversion of preferred stock?
Bonds have discounts and premiums and accrued interest. Preferred Stock does not.
Is push down accounting accepted under generally accepted accounting standards?
Yes, in some cases. For example: The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (the "FFIEC") approved a reporting requirement, effective October 1, 1989, to use push down accounting in certain acquisitions of national banks, state member banks and insured state nonmember banks. This reporting requirement is an addition to the Glossary to the Instructions to the Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income ("Call Report").
Key Difference between Indian accounting standards and international accounting standards is..
In international accounting LIFO and extraordinary items are prohibited
What are the items that are to be debited in accounting and what are the items that are to be credited in accounting?
This depends on the nature of the account and the thing you wish to achieve. For example, to increase cash you would debit the cash account, but if you wanted to decrease it, you would credit it. There are all sorts of accounts and they have different normal balances.
The thing to remember is that every journal entry must have equal debits and credits. So for example to increase a contra asset account like Allowance for Doubtful debts you would credit Bad Debt Expense to increase it and credit Allowance to increase that!
Is an "account receivable" and "goodwill" real accounts in accounting?
Real accounts, i.e. Balance Sheet accounts are ongoing perpetual records and represent "real" items; cash, receivables, inventories, accounts payable, invested capital, etc., etc. Accounts receivable and goodwill therefore are both real accounts as they have value in and of themselves.
Nominal accounts represent items of income and expense. Nominal accounts have no balances at the beginning of an accounting period and change as various debits and credits are applied because of activity of income and expense throughout the accounting period. At the end of the accounting cycle, the nominal accounts are returned to zero by debiting them by an amount equal to their credit balance if such exists, or crediting an account if it has a debit balance. The offsetting entry of each of these is to a Profit or Loss Account. If after all accounts are zero, the P&L account has a debit balance then operations were profitable (income exceeded expenses), and conversely with a credit balance a loss was incurred. The P&L is then "closed" by either debited or crediting to bring it to zero, whichever is appropriate, with the offsetting entry going to "Retained Earnings", a real account, and bringing the Balance Sheet into balance and leaving all nominal accounts at zero.
To put it another way if all debits and credits of the General Ledger are added up, then they will both be equal. However, if only the debits and credits of the nominal accounts are added up there will be a difference and that difference, depending on whether it is a credit or debit will be the profit or loss. Similarly, if the debits and credits of the real accounts are added they will be different by the identical amount of adding the nominal accounts only opposite.
Why do users of accounting Information need accounting information?
External users of accounting information (especially investors) use accounting information like annual and quarterly reports to base their investing decisions on, and to compare different companies with one another.
Internal users of accounting (mostly managers) use internal accounting information in order to plan.
Internal users of accounting (mostly managers) use internal accounting information in order to plan.
What is an EA in accounting?
EA stands for Enrolled Agent. It is a certification by the Internal Revenue Service given to those qualified to practice before them. To become an EA, one must pass a test given by the IRS, the purpose of which is to try to ensure that only qualified people practice before the IRS. You may not be a Power of Attorney for the IRS unless you are an EA or some other certified individual such as a CPA or an attorney.
What is accounting?
Accounting is a method or system used to keep track of and determine the financial status of a person or company's income/assets and outlay of money/possessions. (An Accountant engages in Accounting: "The occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business"
Who uses accounting?
Taxpayers like to use accounting
What is 'account' in accounting?
A account is the method used to visualize the debit credit accounting procedure. The account can represent any account regardless of expense, revenue, asset, or liability. The debits are placed the left side and the credits on the right.
What are the different branches of accounting?
Following are different branches of accounting:
1- Cost Accounting
2- Financial Accounting
3- Management Accounting
1- Cost Accounting
2- Financial Accounting
3- Management Accounting
Is financial accounting necessary?
Yes, the accounting calculates the cost of capital to the business. It compares the current, expected, and historic rates of return. Suppose a company is making 12% returns but borrowing money by using the owner's credit card at 22% be good to know that.
What is fair value accounting?
Fair Value accounting is an accounting term that requires a company to place a value on all of the assets on its balance sheet that, it is the price at which the assets could be sold. This is easy to do when the asset has a quoted market price. However, it is often the case that there is no liquid market for an asset, and thus the company has to make an estimate of fair value. When the marketplace is in turmoil and illiquid, as it has been for much of 2008, companies are sometimes forced to place a very low value on an asset, resulting in a substantial markdown from the prior value. See related links for complete explanations.
What are accounting principles?
The Accounting Principles are the assertion rules of accounting and the application of these rules, method, & procedures to actual practice of accounting. These Accounting principles have been divided into
A. accounting concepts
B. accounting conventions
What is fiduciary accounting?
Proper accounting for property that is entrusted to the fiduciary acting under the conditions set forth in a deed
What are the uses of journal in accounting?
The journal is most commonly used to record corrections to errors that have been made in writing up the general ledger accounts
What does "overhead" mean in regards to accounting?
It is to describe costs of running a business, e.g. rent rates and salaries
What are accounting entities?
Accounting entities are for example a business do not get these mixed up with legal entities
What is an accounting transaction?
An accounting transaction is the exchange of request/response messages to perform accounting. Accounting can be performed in the form of accounting transactions that report on resource usage by a session. Accounting transaction can occur during a session if accounting or charging indications are needed [p&l based acct] or only at the start and the end of the session.
What is accounting ethics?
Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics.
What does the abbreviation 'dr' mean in accounting?
'Dr' means Debere in Latin stands for 'what comes in' or in simple words whatever assets the business owns or the expenses it has to pay comes under debit.
While 'cr' means credere in Latin means 'what goes out', in simple words whatever liabilities business owns, or the income it earned during the year comes under credit.
What does the abbreviation 'm' mean in accounting?
It has come to mean one million in general usage, although it used to mean one thousand (and one million was abbreviated "MM")
What is computerized accounting?
Accounting is the method in which financial information is gathered, processed, and summarized into financial statements and reports.
The purpose of accounting is to provide information used in decision-making. Accounting may be viewed as a system (a process) that converts data into useful information.
Information processes include:
- Recording
- Maintaining
- Reporting
Every business has numerous processes. Some are simple, others complex and cumbersome. However, as the business grows, acquires new customers, enters new markets, and keeps pace with constant changes in statutory regulations... the company will need to maintain highly accurate and up-to-date accounting, inventory, and statutory records.
This is where a computerized accounting helps simplify, integrate, and streamline all the business processes, cost-effectively and easily.
What is normative accounting?
Normative Theory is a theory that prescribes how a process of accounting should be done. This theory is not based on observation and may suggest radical changes to current practices in accounting
What is accounting normalization?
It is removing items from the income statement or balance sheet that do not normally occur during the course of business to better estimate the value of a company.
Why are Accounting Standards necessary?
Accounting standards are necessary to promote high quality financial reporting. The fundamental role of accounting is to communicate economic information about businesses and other organization to various stakeholders including government, investors, shareholders, suppliers, lenders, customers, and the public. These stakeholders use such information to take decisions and to assess the stewardship of people appointed to manage such organizations. If this information were not of a high quality standard, then the stakeholders would be unable to take effective decisions that will benefit them. For example, if a financial report were manipulated to show higher profits, investors would hold on to their shares with the belief that the company is doing well.
Accounting standards came to be developed from the mid sixties onwards to promote the integrity of the accounting profession by way of ensuring uniformity in the way accountants report transactions in their books and in their preparation of the final accounts of businesses. This is largely aimed at boosting the confidence of stakeholders, particularly shareholders and potential investors in the accounting profession.
Good and useful information should have the essential characteristics of understandability, comparability, relevance, and reliability in order to play its role effectively.
Accounting standards serve to promote the understandability, comparability, relevance, and reliability of financial reports.
What is Use of statistics in accounting?
Well, in many accounting situations, there is too much data to go through all this. For example, if we are looking about Ford motor corp., and looking at some specific data, their may be too much to analyze, so we take a sample. Then we need to know how big a sample to take so we can say with 95% confidence that our results are representative of all the data.
Statistics tells us what sample size we need.
What are the 4 phases accounting?
1. Recording
2. Classifying
3. Summarizing
4. Interpreting
What is accounting management?
Accounting Management (Business) is the practical application of management techniques to control and report on the financial health of the organization. This involves the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of programs designed to provide financial data reporting for managerial decision-making. This includes the maintenance of bank accounts, developing financial statements, cash flow, and financial performance analysis. Accounting management is a mandatory knowledge module of any MBA program.
Accounting (IT) management: Accounting is often referred to as billing management. The goal is to gather usage statistics for users.
Using the statistics the users can be billed and usage quota can be enforced.
Examples:
- Disk usage
- Link utilization
- CPU time
What is a ledger in regards to accounting?
It is a complete set of accounts for a business entity
What is creative accounting?
"Thinking outside the box" when such practice is not permitted. Creative accounting is actually a good description of the practice, as it tends to create a picture, which is not technically correct from the perspective of the information's intended user.
What are the functions of accounting?
Accounting involves the creation of financial records of business transactions, flow of finance, the process of creating wealth in an organization, and summarizing the financial position of a business at a given moment in time.
What is accounting transaction?
A transaction is an execution of a user program and is seen by the DBMS as a series or list of actions. The actions that can be executed by a transaction include the reading and writing of database.
What are the different branches of accounting ?
Financial accounting refers to accounting for revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities. It involves the basic accounting processes of recording, classifying, and summarizing transactions.
- Cost accounting is the branch of accounting dealing with the recording, classification, allocation, and reporting of current and prospective costs.
- Managerial accounting is the branch of accounting designed to provide information to various management levels in the hospitality operation for enhancing controls.
What are the different fields of accounting?
There is one field of accounting, but there are many different jobs within the field such as auditor, bookkeeper, payroll accountant, cost accountant, tax accountants, etc. Accountants wear many hats and often do different tasks for different clients.
What is an accounting loss?
It is when revenues are less than expenses.
What is Executive Accounting?
Executive Accounting is designed for service type businesses that require a sophisticated accounting system, yet simple to use accounting system. Executive Accounting contains many advanced features such as three styles of invoicing (service, distribution and recurrent), multi-currency capabilities, multiple bank account capabilities and other powerful features. Executive is a single-user system that can be upgraded to an unlimited number of users.
What is accrual accounting?
Accrual Accounting refers to the recording of financial transactions once an economic event has happened and it is not based on the movement of cash.
For example, in Accrual Accounting if you have office rent of $1000 per month, you would record the expense of $1000 each month, regardless if you have actually paid the rent or received an invoice from the property owner.
Most individuals live our daily lives in the cash basis of accounting. We get our paychecks we have revenue, when we pay our car note we have expense.
What is accounting period?
This concept defines the unit of time for which accounting data are collected. It is hard to calculate and measure the profit if the business is trading for long periods. Therefore, accountants estimate profitability in the short segments of time that we call Accounting periods.
What are the nine accounting cycles?
1. Collecting and Analyzing Data from the occurred transaction.
2. Journalize Transaction.
3. The general journal entries are posted to the General Ledger, which is organized by account.
4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance .At the end of the period, double-entry accounting requires that debits and credits recorded in the general ledger be equal.
5. Prepare adjustments Period-end adjustments are required to bring accounts to their proper balances after considering transactions and/or events not yet recorded.
6. Prepare an adjusted trial balance: As with an unadjusted trial balance, this step tests the equality of debits and credits.
7. Prepare financial statements: Financial statements are prepared using the corrected balances from the adjusted trial balance.
8. Close the accounts: Revenues and expenses are accumulated and reported by period, a monthly, either quarterly, or yearly
9. Prepare a post-closing trial balance: fold: to determine that all revenue and expense accounts have been closed properly and to test the equality of debit and credit balances of all the balance sheet accounts.
What is Control in Accounting?
A control is some type of device or procedure that attempts to limit the possibility of a transaction to be manipulated.
What are different Branches of accounting?
For information, accounting field could be divided into a few branches, which is as follows:-
i) Management Accounting
ii) Financial Accounting
iii) Taxation,
iv) Auditing
Management Accounting is consider a future prediction on the business cost which will be useful for the management (internal users) to make their decision, projection, planning and control their business activity.
The example of the M.A reporting consists of Sales Budget Report, Projection P & L for the year, Monthly Performance Review Report, etc.
The format is not standardized from one business to another and it will be more depending to the need and requirement of the company.
What is partnership accounting?
A business can be a corporation, a partnership, or a sole proprietorship. A corporation is incorporated at the state level. A sole proprietorship is one person in business. A partnership is two or more persons with an agreement on who has which assets and liabilities and income. Partnership accounting is doing the books for the partnership. For IRS purposes, a partnership return must be filed each year.
What is the definition of accounting?
The theory and system of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm; art of analyzing the financial position and operating results of a business house from a study of its sales, purchases, overhead, etc.
What is DD & A in oil and gas accounting?
DD&A stands for Depreciation, depletion & amortization.
What is the Importance of accounting standards?
Financial statements are prepared to summarize all business activities by an enterprise during an accounting period in monetary terms & report financial outcomes in terms of performance, status of assets, liabilities, & flow of cash. These business activities vary from one enterprise to other on one hand and size & volume of business on the other hand. To compare the financial statements of various reporting enterprises poses some difficulties because of the divergence in the methods and principles adopted by these enterprises in preparing their financial statements. In order to make these methods and principles uniform, comparable, transparent, establish accountability, and bring true & fair view of Financial Statement - Accounting Standards are evolved.
Who is considered the father of accounting?
Generally, Luca Pacioli is considered the father of accounting. For more information about him and double entry system he developed, go to the link below at answers.com
Explain Accounting 101?
Typically, it involves the theory of credit and debit, balance sheets, income statements, controlling accounting accounts, subsidiary ledgers, work sheets, depreciation methods, and financial accounting theory.
How is an accounting department structured?
Accounting Departments are usually structured along functional lines: Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Payroll, General Ledger, Sales Transactions, Inventory, etc. A small company may have one person performing more than one (sometimes all) of the functions. In this case, there needs to be financial controls to reduce the probability of theft or embezzlement. In a large company, there could be many people working in one functional area; and in that case, that function might be broken down to smaller components.
What is the meaning of Scrap Value in accounting?
Scrap value is the residual value of an asset. The value of an asset which exists after its estimated life period
What are the differences between accounting and auditing?
Accounting records the events. Auditing is a process that checks to see whether the events occurred and it is properly recorded.
Who created SnapIt accounting?
SnapIt accounting was developed in South Africa by Joe Schoemann Systems.
System Analysis: Joe Schoemann
Programming: Danny Schoemann
What is accounting chart of accounts?
Accounting chart is where you have all the codes for expenses
What is the difference in Accounting and Marketing and what is so different about them?
Accounting has to do with the company finances. Marketing has to do with company public relations, advertising, and product placement. The difference is accounting only deals with financial figures where marketing works on creating those figures.
What is peach tree accounting?
Peachtree Accounting is the name of a computerized accounting software program.
What are accounting rules called?
The accounting rules are called the 'golden rules of accounting'
i.e.
i.e.
Debit what comes in, and credit what goes out
Debit the receiver and credit the giver
Debit all expenses and loss and credit all incomes and gains.
Debit the receiver and credit the giver
Debit all expenses and loss and credit all incomes and gains.
What is an interlocking accounting system?
The interlocking accounting is a system where the cost and financial accounts are maintained independently of each other, and in the cost account, no attempt is made a separate record of the financial account transaction.
What is accounting for plant assets?
Plant Assets are mainly installations in a factory.
What are the basic assumptions in accounting?
Economic Entity Assumption
Going Concern Assumption
Monetary Unit
Periodicity Assumption
What are Source documents in accounting?
Source documents are those documents in which all kinds of business transactions are recorded. These include invoice, sales order, purchase order, debit note, credit note, goods received note; goods dispatched note, quotation, statement, remittance advice, and receipt.
What is mutual fund sub accounting?
Mutual fund sub accounting is a way to "clear" (the process of buying and selling) the mutual fund transactions. An intermediary record keeps all of the individual shareholder account information, such as the individual balances and individual transactions and dividends in each fund. The account balances roll up to match an omnibus account balance that is record kept by the transfer agent of the fund. When individual investors buy or sell a particular fund those transactions the intermediary combines those transactions and a minimum number of larger trades are placed with the fund in the omnibus account.
What is 'Purchase returns' Accounting.
"Purchase returns" is the entry made in the journal that refers to "Unsatisfactory or defective merchandise/goods which is returned back to the supplier".
What is the difference between accounting and bookkeeping?
Bookkeepers perform a critical function for the firms and organizations they serve. Regularly challenged to maintain precise and accurate records, bookkeepers produce the vital reports that keep management up to date on the financial condition of their company.
Bookkeepers are responsible for maintaining the "business checkbook", much like a personal checkbook. They record routine money transactions like customer payments into a "cash receipts journal" and checks to vendors into a "cash disbursement journal." They also process payroll. At month end they transfer or "post", the "journal" totals to the "general ledger" in preparation for financial statements prepared by the accountant.
Accountants are responsible for the design and management of the financial systems that bookkeepers use. They prepare monthly financial statements and tax returns at year-end. Accountants may also prepare budgets for management and loan proposals for bankers; and perform cost analysis for the company's products or services.
Trust, reliability, and confidentiality head the list of qualities that employers look for when selecting and promoting Certified Bookkeepers. Strong organization and communication skills are also important. Not only are bookkeepers challenged to record routine money transactions, to reconcile accounts and to locate misguided transitions, they also must be able to paint a picture--both verbally and on paper--of all the activities within their assigned area of responsibility.
What are the disadvantages of manual accounting?
1) Manual records are very difficult to be maintained safe
2) Manual records are subject to greater human error
3) Business can see itself in fines and penalties if records are lost
4) Manual records are easier to be falsified, modified, altered, or vanished, as compared
to computerized records, which become very safe when using passwords, firewalls,
and back-ups.
2) Manual records are subject to greater human error
3) Business can see itself in fines and penalties if records are lost
4) Manual records are easier to be falsified, modified, altered, or vanished, as compared
to computerized records, which become very safe when using passwords, firewalls,
and back-ups.
How many accounting standards are currently published?
There are total of 9 accounting standards.
What is the basic accounting equation?
Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity
What are the elements of the accounting equation?
The elements of accounting are Assets, Liabilities, and Owner Equities.
The way to remember this would be through the acronym ALOE
The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equities
In which ways is math used in accounting
Primarily only addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are used in accounting as follows:
Addition: Summing accounts for inclusion in financial statements (i.e. many different cash accounts are summed to equal "cash" in balance sheet), adding items in inventory to determine accurate counts, adding all outstanding checks (written but not cashed) to reconcile a bank statement, etc.
Subtraction: Determine net income and various margins by subtracting expenses from revenues, calculating variances between actual and budgets.
Multiplication: Tax rates by gross pay to calculated and remit correct taxes, extrapolating period results (i.e. 6 months sales x 2) to estimate annualized results, calculating present value of cash flows using given factors, calculate sales tax on sales, etc.
Division: Calculate various ratios such as asset turnover, operating margins, etc.
Addition and subtraction is used most often and today is nearly 100% automated with computerized applications. Multiplication and Division is used "primarily" for analysis of financial results (with some exceptions noted above).
What are the limitations of accounting ratios?
Ratios place significant emphasis on short-term results. Ratios such as EPS and the ROCE are subject to accounting conventions that might deter businesses pursuing policies that are in their long-term interest.
What qualification do you need to become an accounting professional?
As an accounting professional in the state of Maryland, the requirements are 150 credit hours in order to sit for the CPA examination. The exam is given in 4 parts and all 4 parts can be taken separately. Once you have passed all 4 for parts of the exam, you will be qualified as a Certified Public Accountant.
Although the CPA exam is required for all states, the credit qualification may differ for your state. The department of labor and licensing for your particular state will have more information on the items needed in order to sit for the CPA exam.
As an accounting professional in the state of Maryland, the requirements are 150 credit hours in order to sit for the CPA examination. The exam is given in 4 parts and all 4 parts can be taken separately. Once you have passed all 4 for parts of the exam, you will be qualified as a Certified Public Accountant.
Although the CPA exam is required for all states, the credit qualification may differ for your state. The department of labor and licensing for your particular state will have more information on the items needed in order to sit for the CPA exam.
Definition of push down accounting
A method of accounting wherein the financial report of the subsidiary reflects the parents cost incurred in acquiring the sub.
What are cost accounting and its applications?
Cost Accounting is a method by which an accountant can determine the cost of production of a "widget". This is used in accurate reporting of Cost of Goods Sold and consequently the Gross Income of a company. A Cost Accountant will follow the "widget" throughout the production process tracking any costs associated and breaking them down to a unit level. It gets more complicated than that but this is a good generic answer.
What is meant by public accounting?
Public Accounting is best known for providing audits, CPAs who work in public accounting review company financial records for accuracy and accountability.
Define Tally Accounting
Tally is a financial accounting software package designed by Tally Solutions mainly for small businesses and shops. They claim on their website that Tally is used by over 2 million users, in over 90 countries. Tally 9.0 is the latest version to date.
Why are accounting firms needed?
Accounting firms come in handy for many reasons. Some of the smaller ones: Businesses will use them to calculate payroll and the accounting firm will calculate the amount of taxes taken out.
Company income tax returns, accounting firms will usually represent their work if the company is audited by the IRS. Accounting firms also give advice to companies on how to spend their money to save tax dollars and advice on tax shelters.
Why does the accounting equation have to balance?
Due to its design, it was intended as check that your records were correct - think of it as a barometer of sorts. If you look at your general ledger or trial balance and the assets do not equal the liabilities plus equity (the debits don't equal the credits), then you know you have a problem that must be resolved prior to having numbers that should be relied upon for any purpose whatsoever.
Contrast bookkeeping and accounting
Bookkeeping is the maintenance of the company's financial records. Accounting is the presentation and interpretation of those records to be used by management for decision making, improvement, and planning.
Why Accounting is important in business?
Because a business is all about money and management of money can only be done through accounting and not otherwise
What do you mean by material facts in accounting?
Material facts are documents pertaining to the historical events of the facts being justified
What is the definition of manual accounting?
It is recording accounting transaction without the use of computer.
How does accounting contribute to the community?
Accounting helps communities in many ways. Accountants help the communities manage their money and they take care of their taxes yearly. They also manage their money, help set a budget for them and teach them to manage their money wisely.
What is the definition of offset accounting?
The one reduces the gross amount of another account to derive a net balance. Accumulated depreciation, which is a contra account to fixed assets to obtain book value, is an example of an offset account.
Accounting for VC money in financials
It depends on the form in which the money comes in. If it was invested as equity (either Common or Preferred Stock), it shows up on the balance sheet as Paid in Capital. If it came in as debt (such as bridge loan, secured note, etc.) it shows up as debt that must be repaid by the company.
What is the relationship between bookkeeping and accounting?
Bookkeepers perform a critical function for the firms and organizations they serve. Regularly challenged to maintain precise and accurate records, bookkeepers produce the vital reports that keep management up to date on the financial condition of their company.
Bookkeepers are responsible for maintaining the "business checkbook", much like a personal checkbook. They record routine money transactions like customer payments into a "cash receipts journal" and checks to vendors into a "cash disbursement journal." They also process payroll. At month end they transfer or "post", the "journal" totals to the "general ledger" in preparation for financial statements prepared by the accountant.
Accountants are responsible for the design and management of the financial systems that bookkeepers use. They prepare monthly financial statements and tax returns at year-end. Accountants may also prepare budgets for management and loan proposals for bankers; and perform cost analysis for the company's products or services.
Trust, reliability, and confidentiality head the list of qualities that employers look for when selecting and promoting Certified Bookkeepers. Strong organization and communication skills are also important. Not only are bookkeepers challenged to record routine money transactions, to reconcile accounts and to locate misguided transitions, they also must be able to paint a picture--both verbally and on paper--of all the activities within their assigned area of responsibility.
Explain the concept of responsibility accounting
They are Collection, summarization, and reporting of financial information about various decision centers (responsibility centers) throughout an organization; called activity accounting or profitability accounting. It traces costs, revenues, or profits to the individual managers who are primarily responsible for making decisions about the costs, revenues, or profits in question and taking action about them. Responsibility accounting is appropriate where top management has delegated authority to make decisions. The idea behind responsibility accounting is that each manager's performance should be judged by how well he or she manages those items under his or her control.
What is a difference between public and private accounting?
Public accounting includes any accounting work that a company performs for another company. Examples would be audits, tax compliance, consulting, etc. The "Big 4" (KPMG, Deloitte & Touch?, Price Waterhouse Coopers, and Ernst & Young) are the dominant firms that provide public accounting services.
Private accounting is accounting work that is done for your own company. Every company has some form of an internal accounting department and those employees would be considered private accountants.
What is definition of a cash float in accounting?
Cash float is the time between when you authorize a bank to disperse funds from your bank account and when it actually leaves your account.
What is the important of computerized accounting to manual?
Computerized accounting is quicker and easier than manual accounting and less subject to unintentional error.
Define social responsibility accounting
It is a new phase to development of accounting and its birth to increase the social awareness. In addition, it is the social effects of business decisions in addition to the economic effects.
What are the disadvantages of back-flush accounting?
One of the main disadvantages of the system is that it only works under some quite strict requirements. If these are not met, the system will become unbalanced and may be quite unusable, or a nightmare to maintain.
Standard costs must be reliably estimated and variances kept to a minimum. The premise of the system is that a sale triggers the manufacturing process, therefore buildup of work in progress or finished goods needs to be avoided Another drawback is that detailed information for management purposes may not be available where needed, and the production control therefore needs to be all the stronger. The cost accounts used in back-flush accounting may be more difficult to reconcile to financial accounts needed for reporting
Discuss the consistency concept in accounting
Consistency is a concept used when applying accounting methods to a business, the business must continue to use that particular method. For an example if a company is charging depreciation using the straight-line method, they must stick with the straight-line method.
What is a register when referring to accounting or bookkeeping?
Register was the name of the Company that mfg. the first Green line spread sheets. Paper sheet ledgers were originally used to maintain credit records etc.
What are the Accounting entries for branch accounts?
DR investments in branch
Cr cash
Cash sent to branch
What does the word credit mean in terms of accounting?
The word "credit" is part of the equation of double entry bookkeeping.
In order for bookkeeping entries to balance, there must always be a debit (left side, abbreviated by "dr") and credit (right side, abbreviated by "cr") entry that equal one another.
For example, to record an Office Supply Store purchase (on account ~ a payable), the entry would be:
Office Supplies Exp $500.00(dr)
Accounts Payable $500.00(cr)
If an entry does not balance the totals for debits and credits, your books will be out of balance.
What does it mean to do accounting training outside of public practice?
Training outside Public Practice is an alternate route to become a chartered accountant. However, you cannot perform statutory audits; instead, you specialize in financial management.
In accounting, are assets a permanent account?
Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholder's Equity are all permanent accounts.
Define "book value" as applied to accounting
Carrying amount (original value of the asset minus accumulated depreciation)
In terms of accounting the trial balance when is it taken?
At least once a month
What is difference between cost accounting and financial accounting?
One of the basic differences cost accounting is helpfully in controlling the cost of production whereas financial accounting is concerned is helpfully in determining financial position of a concern.
Explain cost sheet.
Cost sheet is a statement of cost for a product for given period.
What is CMM?
Capability Maturity Model
What is marginal cost?
The marginal cost of an additional unit of output is the cost of the additional inputs needed to produce that output. More formally, the marginal cost is the derivative of total production costs with respect to the level of output. Marginal cost and average cost can differ greatly. For example, suppose it costs $1000 to produce 100 units and $1020 to produce 101 units. The average cost per unit is $10, but the marginal cost of the 101st unit is $20The Econ Model applications Perfect Competition and Monopoly emphasize the roles of average cost and marginal cost curves. The short movie Derive a Supply Curve (40 seconds) shows an excerpt from the Perfect Competition presentation that derives a supply curve from profit maximizing behavior and a marginal cost curve.
What are variable costs?
Variable costs are those that are directly proportionate with the quantity of production and or directly associated with the service.
What are fixed costs?
The costs that are fixed irrespective of production are fixed costs. EX: Rent, Depreciation
Fix cost is those cost who not change in any time whether the production done or not it similar charge in every organization ex- salary of labor, supervisor factory rent insurance etc.
What is chargeback?
Charge back is a process in the industry, where a wholesaler requests an amount that is the difference between manufacturer's prices. In addition, contract price to the resale customer. The actual chargeback occurs when the wholesaler sells the manufacturer's product at contract price that is below wholesaler acquisition cost (WAC).Especially evident in pharmaceutical industry
Describe some of the methods used to allocate support costs.
Headcount or number of computer per cost centre
What is BEP?
BEP- Break Event Point: It indicates no Loss and no Profit
The level of activity at which, total revenues equal total costs.
A point at which there is no profit and no loss.
What is the difference between billable and non-billable expenses?
Billable expenses are the expenses incurred by you on behalf of your customer in performing duties / service and supply. These expenses are recoverable from your customer by way of billing.Non-billable expenses are the expenses incurred by you for carry out your own business / duties and responsibilities.
What steps would you take before approving an invoice for payment?
Following steps should be taken. 1) Validate the invoice once it matched for checking any holds. 2) If workflow is implemented, then initiate approval for the invoice. Once the invoice is approved/Approval not required (status in case WF is not implemented) you can go for payments. 3) Create accounting after approval of invoice. Finally, for payments you need to format and build.
What is the meaning of invoice?
Invoice is a statement which contains the under mentioned details compulsorily.
- Invoice Number
- Invoice date
- Name and address of the person
- Name and address of the person to whom invoice is made (Buyer of goods and service)
- Description of goods / services involved
- Applicable rates and taxes with percentages
- Rate of the goods / services
- Quantity of the goods and services
- Quality or any other specifications
- Price / Value of the goods and services
- Invoice must be signed by the person making it
- Terms and conditions of making the payment
What procedure for excess payment to supplier I would like know without adjusting invoice that means how supplier will send back excess amount how do in oracle apps?
Excess payment to supplier is treated as Advance paid to supplier. This will show as debit balance in supplier account. Supplier can send the payment by way of check/ demand draft without adjusting in his subsequent bills.
What is the difference between Consigner and Consignee?
Consigner is the person who is the owner of the goods and who deliver the goods to the consignee. Consignee is the person who receives the goods and he just possesses the goods and not the owner.
What is the difference between SAP memory and ABAP memory?
SAP Memory: Global, user-related memory that extends beyond transaction limits. Access to the SAP memory is via SPA/GPA parameters.ABAP Memory: It is a Memory within each main session, which can be accessed by programs using the EXPORT and IMPORT statements and which remains available using a series of program calls (call sequence).
How does the payment mechanism work?
The open items of an account can only be cleared once you post an identical offsetting amount to the account. In other words, the balance of the items assigned to each other must equal zero. During clearing, the system enters a clearing document number and the clearing date in these items. In this way, invoices in a vendor account are indicated as paid, and items in a bank clearing account are indicated as cleared. You generally use the payment program to clear invoices. Manual clearing of open items is therefore not usually necessary. However, you will sometimes have to clear items manually if, for example, you receive a refund from your vendor or you have set up a direct debit procedure.
What do you understand by Open Item Managed Account?
Open item management ensures that all items that have not yet been cleared are available in the system. Only after every open item in a document is cleared can a document be archived.
What do you mean by WCC?
WBC means winter compensation from contributions.
What is an IFA?
Institute of finance & accounts
What do you understand by Intercompany Settlement?
A key functional area of SAP for Utilities that supports cross-company exchange of settlement data based on international standards such as EDI, XML, and Microsoft Excel.Inter company data exchange manages data transfer between retailers, distributors, and independent service operators with special regard to the requirements in deregulated markets.
What is FBT (Fringe Benefit Tax)?
The tax payable on a non-salary benefit provided to an employee or an associate of the employee. The employer is liable to pay any FBT and may choose to recover the FBT amount from the employee.
What is debit and credit from the banks point of view?
Credit what comes in Debit what goes out
What is meant by liabilities?
Liabilities are what all you owe from the bank on notes payable or in other words it is-Liability= Asset-Ownersequity < /FONT>
What company owes that is liability. Liability = Asset-capital
What steps would you take before making a payment?
1. We should verify that any advances have been made.
2. See that all the services/goods delivered according to bill
3. Any query is there to attend on that ultimately can be made payment
If assume we paid 50/- as an advance for worth or 100/- goods, but our supplier sent only up to 25/- worth of goods. Know my question is that we want to close the transaction now and how it possible? What about VAT like Tax Setups in AP and AR? What about the SWEEP command in AP?
First, there should not be assumptions in transactions. If you received 25 of worth in exchange of 50 advances, you can close it for a temp. The transaction entry would be...Supplier A/c Debit 25Received Goods A/c Debit 25Cash paid A/c Credit 50
What are steps to define supplier?
Supplier should follow the checklist.1 He should create confidence in the client mind2 Services to be done (fulfilled in time) 3 Services to be done according the specification of the client4 He should be placed the another order by doing the above three steps
What are premises in accounting sense? What is VAT adjustment?
Premises is and Fixed Assed in the accounting sense which is shown in the balance sheet in final accounts Vat adjustment is out put tax - input tax the vat which is paid on purchase will be deducted from vat collected from sales this adjustment is known as vat adjustment.
What is the Provision? What is the Entry for Provision?
Provision means liabilities it means payable account A it?s an very useful for controlling payable accounts like telephone charges, ESIC accounts, EPF accounts, A EPF payable accounts Dr to EPF accounts ESIC payable accounts Dr to ESIC account
What are the advantages of Computer accounting over Paper accounting?
There are many advantages from computer accounting over manual accounting. You can get automatically the creditors data, debtors? data, sale proceeds, balance sheet, and many more information in the desired manner.
How to prepare finalization accounts?
First, of all post all the journals in the ledger and then post in the trial balance and from that prepare trading account and manufacturing account (if necessary) and profit and loss account. And then prepare profit and loss adjustment account and with the help of the trial balance prepare balance sheet and also show the profit under reserves after deducting the previous year losses and show contingencies (if any) in the notes to accounts.
What is Departmental Accounting? Give an example
Departmental accounting means account prepared separately for the department and here ledgers will be opened trial balance will be prepared, also p&l account will be prepared, and profit or loss is included in the main p&l account and shown in the balance sheet.
What is Service Tax & Excise? How will it be charged?
Service Tax is a form of indirect tax imposed on specified services called Taxable services. Presently it covers 58 services. The service provider but A collected shall pay a service tax from the service receiver. Excise is also a form of indirect tax levied on A goods produced or manufactured in India.
What is Capital Budget?
Capital Budgeting is a way to justify capital expenditures. It was done to see if the added benefit of a capital purchase, i.e. increased revenue or decreased expense, exceeds the cost of capital.
What is purchasing order?
Purchasing order means order given to purchase anything.
What is vendor?
Vendor means the one who sells
What is SLA?
SLA - Service Level Agreement Period
What is debit and credit note?
Debit and credit note: while making entry in your books of accounts you need the documentary voucher. Therefore, the voucher made stating what entry and why it is made is called debit/credit note.
What is the difference between Accounts and Finance?
Account is the detailed record of a particular asset, liability, owners' equity, revenue, or expense.
Financial Accounting is the area of accounting concerned with reporting financial information to interested external parties
What is the dual aspect concept?
Dual aspect concept: Each transaction has two sides. Example: when you buy a shirt, then shirt comes to you while cash leaves you similarly if you sell the same shirt to anyone then cash comes to you while shirt leaves you. Recording both aspects of coming and going is called dual aspect concept
What is depreciation and how many types are there. Please give details?
Depreciation and its types: Depreciation means reducing/lowering value of an asset because of its use. Like machines/vehicles gets rusty/slow because of consistent use.
What is cash flow and fund flow?
Cash flow and funds flow: cash flow means direct entry of cash in your business and exit of the same funds flow means entry of funds (cash funds or non cash funds) and their exit non cash funds may mean rise in current assets or fall in current liabilities which was not due to any cash movement
What is capital gain?
Capital gain: when any capital asset is sold and it is sold at a higher price than its book value then that extra gain is called capital gain. The word profit generally means revenue profits. While capital gain is generally received infrequently
What are bills receivable?
Bills Receivable , in merchant accounts, are all promissory notes, bills of exchange, bonds, and other evidences or securities which a merchant or trader holds, and which are payable to him.
What is deferred account?
A best example of a deferred account is advertisement expense account. This account are those where an investment or expense is don?t with an expectation of making a intangible profit which cannot be measured or directly linked to expense.
What are MIS reports and do you prepare it?
MIS is management information system. In addition, MIS report is reporting information of reports like efficiency of wing or a department of a company.
IF we take BPO (Call center) sector as example, MIS consists of efficiency of agents, Average time taken hold time etc, and passing this to the management level for their analysis.
What is your role in planning?
It is a common question in interview, based on CV Planning is a group work, so we find what work we done on the planning process. Every work is group work so we find what work we done in every part of Accounting.
How can you do credit control?
- Make the creditor, your debtor
- For good creditor, give discounts & offers
- For bad creditor, inform your position of willingness but inability to sustain relationship keeping in mind our business position.
What is bank reconciliation statement?
A Bank reconciliation statements are prepared if balance of bank account as shown in cashbook differs from balance as shown in passbook. This statement shows the reasons or transactions because of which balances as shown in cashbook and passbook are not tallying with each other.
What are the functions of manger -accounts and manager-finance? Explain in detail.
When we see their difference from broad organizational review, the function of accounts manager are- The approval of the accounting system utilization and calculated amounts in supportable documents ,for example in journal vouchers and the approval of the accounting method. Also, change of the accounting procedures of the company.
What are the extraordinary items?
Transactions that happened due to catastrophic events i.e. unusual circumstance example: earthquake, flood, tsunami etc are called extraordinary items.
What are the fictitious assets?
These are like intangible assets, which cannot be seen or touched. Actually, these are not assets but some expenditure, which cannot turn to profit and loss account of a particular period that is why these items are shown on assets side of balance sheet to be written off to P&L account in reasonable years.
What are the Steps involved in Project implementation?
Step involved in project implementation:
? Identification of the need
? Idea generation and screening of ideas
? Feasibility Study
? Project Development
? Implementation
? Controlling
What are time sheets? How are they maintained?
Timesheet is an approved document by an Authorized person of the particular Project where employee is working, for the work done by the concerned employee/consultant along with the description of work done. Time sheet contains the Billable/Non-Billable hours. Based on the Timesheet the Company will raise the invoice, for the consulting services provided by its employee, on the end-client.
What is mean by Working Capital?
Working capital is a fund, which is used to run the organization for minimum actions.
What is shadow balance?
Shadow Balance in bank accounts is the balance unto which the subsequent debits can be posted.
Shadow Balance = Book Balance - Debit (yet to be authorized for posting). < /FONT >
Example: Book balance is 1000. There is a debit of 500. The debit is posted in the system and is sent for authorization. Now the Account shows a Shadow Balance of 500.
What is meant by balancing?
Balancing means equalizing debit and credit side totals in a T-account.
If there is a deficit on side that is, debit, or credit a suspense account is opened with the balancing figure.
What is the difference between inactive accounts and dormant account?
Dormant accounts are those accounts in which there are transactions in the recent history (the stipulation may vary according to the company's rules). Inactive accounts are those accounts in which transactions are being made for long time.
What is meant by turnover?
The turnover refers to the sales volume for a specific period like quarterly, semi annually or annually. It can be measured with sales volume figure or no. of days taken.
What is meant by calendar maintenance?
Calendar maintenance means update the sales, purchase and accounts records. Simply meaning is maintaining the records monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly.
What is meant by daily accrual and booking?
Meaning of Accrual: Revenues and costs are accrued (gathered), that is recognized as they are earned or incurred (and not as money is received or paid) and recorded in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. Accrual basis of accounting is one of the fundamental accounting assumptions underlying the preparation and presentation of financial statements.
What is an operative accounts?
Operative Accounts means Account is running/operating regularly, transaction is running from the account (debit/credit and deposit/withdrawal from account) this is known as Operative Account.
What is balance sheet and off balance sheet?
Balance sheet is a statement which consists if asset and liabilities balance sheet is not called as account .their are 2 columns in balance sheet left hand side is called liabilities and right hand side is called asset.
What is customer account?
Debtors account and bills receivable account are theoretically same. Both are called as receivables. When we sold goods to debtors account is debited. If we receive a bill from that debtor, we open bills receivable account by closing that debtor account. Thus, bills receivable account is nothing but debtor account. If the bill is dishonored on the due date, we again debit the debtor account in our books. For information and accounting purpose, we use both debtor account and bills receivable account.
What is retail banking?
Retail banking refers to the banking done with the retail client (e.g. the normal people) rather than business or organizational customers.
What is inventory management?
Inventory management is an automated process of managing the stock of products and the various things involved with it Involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. Systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques, and report actual and projected inventory status.
What is the difference between personal account real account and nominal account?
The total business transactions are divided in to three They are Transactions related to persons, Transactions related to Things, Transactions related to incomes & expenditures. In accountancy we have three types of accounts they are - personal, real, nominal Personal accounts refers to all the transactions related to natural persons, artificial persons and representative persons ex:- rama, ravi, Indian bank, outstanding rent. ,. First category of transactions belongs to personal accounts RULE: debit the receiver and credit the giver Real accounts include things in the business i.e. assets. Second category of transactions related to Real accounts ex: buildings, machinery, cash etc. RULE: Debit what comes in and credit what goes out Nominal accounts includes all the transactions related to expenditures, incomes, losses, and profits. Ex: - rent paid, rent received, bad debts, profit on sale of an asset.
RULE: Debit all expenses and losses and credit all incomes and profits
What is meant by partitioning?
Partitioning is nothing but grouping based on the cluster, which is similar kind of response by a system.
What are trade bills?
Every transaction must be supported by any document. A trade bill is a supporting document of business activities like purchases, sales, receipts, payments etc...
What is double entry book keeping?
In double entry book, keeping method a journal entry is posted to both respective accounts for each transaction.
Let us say for sales transaction, debit entry posted to cash account credit entry posted to sales account.
Therefore, it is one of the methods to post accounting transactions.
What is dividend warrants?
Dividend is the part of profits payable to the owners of the company i.e., Shareholders. Some companies issues warrants to its shareholders instead of paying dividends in the form of cash in the form of document by mentioning the Warrant Price and other details.
The price mentioned in it is also called exercise price. Some times company may not specify the name of the holder. The holder of the document can fill it.
Advantages: It helps to the issuing company from paying the Tax.
It is easy to transfer from one person to other without any formalities
It helps to increase the share/capital of the company
What is Letter of Credit?
LC (Letter of Credit) is a set of documents which are very essential for goods being transported from one country to another. This set includes that of invoices, shipping documents, grantees and others.
What are the four classifications of Bad & Doubtful Debts as per the context of the Bank?
Assets in Banks are Loans and Advances given to borrowers. These Assets are divided into 4 categories. They are
- Standard Assets: These accounts are good and the borrower is repaying the loan as per stipulation and the security extended in good.
- Substandard Asset: These accounts are good as per the security extended is good but the loans repayment is not up to the mark.
- Doubtful Asset: These accounts have both the security as well the repayment stipulation in irregular method.
- Bad Asset: These accounts are where the repayment is not forthcoming and the security extended becomes bad.
What is a Comprehensive Income?
Items GAAP does not want us to record in Income Statement. GAAP does not want financial statements provider to mislead users. Ex. items will record in comprehensive income are Unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sales securities; Unrecognized net gain or loss; Unrecognized prior service cost (credit); Unrecognized net gain or loss.
What is the difference between Perpetual & Periodic Inventory systems?
In perpetual inventory system, the inventory account is adjusted continually throughout the accounting period.
Whereas in the Periodic Inventory System: - Recording inventory transactions periodically than recording them continually.
What is the difference between provision & reverse?
Provisions are created in books as they are anticipated. Example: provision for depreciation
Reserves are created in books as a part of profits, which might used to purchase assets or to declare dividends.
What is an adjusting journal entry?
Adjusting entries are those entries that passed to rectify an error or wrong entry already made some accounting soft wares have disabled edit function in the accounts, so the only way to undo the mistake is to pass a correction entry or adjusting entry.
What is Contingent Liabilities?
A continental liability may or may not be liability to the company. It is mandatory to show in Balance Sheet. Ex:- Ex gratia payable to Workers. Sometimes company has to pay, sometimes may not pay.
What is cost accounting?
Cost accounting is the implementation of accounting techniques, ideas, and methods for the utilization of capital or fund in an efficient way while rendering any services or production in the organization. In brief, cost accounting is the utilization of the firm?s capital in an efficient way so that the expense remains less than the revenue, which ultimately leads the firm in net profit. It is a tool, which is used to control the cost of production, or anything related to money.
What is service tax?
When any employer provides any service to his customer, which income is excess under the tax then company liable for the pay tax.
Service tax charged at rate 12 %( India) + 3% E.Cess & H. & E.Cess
=12.36%
In addition, service tax deposited of in under 5 days who you charged service tax to his customers.
In the payment of Service tax amount you can Credit availed during of the month.
Moreover, if any company purchased of any item that has Excise duty & E.Cess with E.Cess then you can credit availed when you received excise form to your seller.
Can I take service tax on freight outward?
Yes, you can take tax on freight outward. Because you are paid freight inclusive of service, tax so you can full credit availed on any expenditure where you paying service tax amount.
What are the golden rules of accounting?
Personal-
Debit the receiver
Credit the Giver
Real-
Debit what comes in
Credit what goes out
Nominal-
Debit all expenses and losses
Credit all income and gains
What is the TDS effect in balance sheet if TDS receipts?
In Assets Side: Advance In-Come-Tax A/c Dr with TDS received Amount and Party A/c Cr with TDS received Amount
Where should TDS received should show in balance sheet?
Assets Side: Advance In-Come Tax Ledger in current year
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